Macbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay - 1759 Words

Upon reading Shakespeare’s Macbeth, I was struck by the importance of the theme ‘evil’ that was continually evident throughout the play. Researching this topic enabled me to form conclusions, which aided in bettering my understanding of the main character Macbeth as well as the text as a whole. The conclusion I formed was: ‘When people commit immoral or evil deeds, there are certain circumstances which cause them to commit these deeds’. Using this conclusion, I was able to form three key questions: ‘To what extent is evil as a theme in Macbeth affect the main character and the overall plot?’, ‘How is evil portrayed as a problem in society in regards to evil deeds people commit?’ and ‘To what extent are immoral acts of evil or one being evil the fault of one person?’. I selected the theme of ‘evil’ in Macbeth, as it plays an important part in the plot as well as the way the character Macbeth acts throughout the play. It is also an issue which is reflected in society today through several news reports. However, before delving into the state of Macbeth being ‘evil’, these are the factors I decided which caused Macbeth to commit certain evil deeds and the circumstances which surrounded him. These can be supported with critical commentary. Firstly, there was the ‘weird sisters’ who informed Macbeth ‘thou shalt be king hereafter’ (Act I, sc 3, 49), without further explanation, sparking curiosity in Macbeth as well as ambition. This is also a factor which contributes toShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to b e first performed in 1606. It is considered to be one of the darkest and most powerful tragedies. Macbeth, set in Scotland, dramatizes the psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen to fulfill the ambition of power. The Tragedy of Macbeth is Shakespeare’s shortest tragedy and tells the story of Macbeth, a ScottishRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1425 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Just Can’t Wait To Be King Everyone has a quality that they do not like about themselves. Some people struggle to be social, others may be too controlling of people. The list goes on and on, but the point is that everybody has a particular quality that they must learn to control or else that particular quality can get out of hand. Of course, one could write a list of characters that have major flaws. There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe oxford dictionary definition of guilt, 1, the fact of having committed a specified or implied offence or crime, 1.1, a feeling of having committed wrong or failed in obligation. In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the titular character and his wife Lady Macbeth kill the King in order to become King and Queen themselves, this came with consequences which are still relevant in society today. The guilt they felt and the relevance to sleeplessness are common topics almost four hundred

A Very Brief Look at Russian History - 2171 Words

The country of Russia has a rich history which, unfortunately, cannot be discussed in its entirety within the context of this briefing book. It should be noted that early modern Russia is often characterized by the strong rulers that presided at the time, and the legacies they left that have helped shape Russia. The beginning of modern Russia begins with Peter the Great, who began a period of reforms and westernization under his reign. He brought many European customs to the elites, attempting to eradicate some archaic practices, as well as introducing technology that Russia sorely lacked. He modernized the military, attempting to thrust Russia onto the international stage and make the country a contender in world politics. He also consolidated the country under his rule, even going so far as to move the capital to St. Petersburg. Often these reforms were financed and instituted with the labor of peasants, so his legacy remains controversial. Peter’s reforms were furthered by Catherine the Great, a liberal reformer at the onset of her reign. Due to her, Russia’s influence expanded within Europe and Asia. However, she reversed many reforms later on, contributing to the strife felt by the peasantry. Another phase in Russia’s history that is notable is that of Napoleon†™s ill-conceived incursion into the country in 1812. Instead of fighting conventionally, Russia’s military generals prudently decided to try a defensive approach, whereby they retreated and left a barrenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis On Barge Haulers On The Volga 1449 Words   |  6 PagesVolga Barge Haulers on the Volga is a painting by Ilya Yafimovich Repin. It uses oil on canvas, and stretches to 131.5 cm Ãâ€" 281 cm. It was painted in the early 1870’s and currently hangs in the State Russian Museum. Repin painted Barge Haulers on the Volga during a very turbulent time in Russian history. This was a difficult time for laborers in Russia, the time of early Marxism, which is a worldview that uses materialism in order to dispute the value of capitalism. Barge Haulers on the Volga epitomizesRead MoreHow Did The Minie Ball Affect Infantry Tactics During The U.s. Civil War?1630 Words   |  7 Pagesunpredictable angle, it was much more accurate. When the bullet arrived in the United States, James Burton at the arsenal in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, simplified the bullet into the .58 calibre widely used in the Civil War (Leonard â€Å"The Bullet That Changed History†). The ball, made of soft lead, featured a conical shape and a hollow center. This allowed i t to expand to fit the barrel when shot out of the gun and easily engage the rifling, making it more aerodynamic and capable of flying at further distancesRead MoreThe Humble Beginnings Of The Rus Lands1563 Words   |  7 Pagesarrived with the unifying nature of Christianity, brought upon by Vladimir the Great. It is clear, due to both the coincidence of the Church’s increased presence with a new Russian identity and the terminology used in various records, that Rus’ was indeed a unified political entity. In order to understand this, it is crucial to look at primary texts written by religious monks such as Nestor the Chronicler, and gather the means to be able to label Rus’ as a unified state. Although it is argued that theRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon I, is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. He1300 Words   |  6 Pages Napoleon Bonaparte/ Napoleon I, is considered one of the greatest military leaders in history. He was the emperor of France and he also conquered much of Europe. From an early age Napoleon showed signs of being a great leader. Even as a child he was nicknamed â€Å"Little Corporal†, because of his undeniable courage and determination. In 1798 he sat forth on one of his major expeditions in Egypt. Napoleon and his soldiers defeated Egypt and they continued on their journey. Many expeditions later, NapoleonRead MoreThe Russian Marketing Environment1350 Words   |  5 PagesSummary The main objective of any big company is to make the brand well known worldwide and to expand the business into other countries. Market Environment is key factor for decision. For a startup of a new venture in other countries, TESCO will have to look for various factors to understand which market strategy would work in Russia. The economical, social (culture), political, legal and institutional market environment factors have to be taken in to consideration when deciding to move in to other countriesRead More The Incredible Power of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich1328 Words   |  6 PagesIncredible Power of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has been Russian writers in particular, who for two centuries have struggled against censorship and oppression to accomplish two great tasks: to create innovative and meaningful art, and to use that art to make a statement about a specifically Russian predicament. So often the theme was political, and so many generations of Russians criticised Mother Russia for her backward ways. Vissarion Belinskys caustic admonitionsRead MoreNapoleon s Letters From An Italian Nobleman s Family1098 Words   |  5 PagesOften we are left with secondary, and sometimes very biased, accounts of how individuals conducted themselves in various situations in their lives. But luckily, we are sometimes left with vivid sources penned by figures themselves, and that is what we have with Napoleon s letters. Through them we can hope to gain a better and more well-rounded look into the life one of the most loved, and reviled, men in recent history. To begin, let us take a look at Napoleon’s letters to his immediate family. LetterRead MoreThe Russian Government And Computer Files At Any Given Moment? Essay1714 Words   |  7 Pagesfiles were posted all around the world on television, magazines, newspapers, etc. without your permission? How would this possible you ask? Easy, the Russian Government sent Google an email asking them for access to your cloud storage. Google gave it to them with no questions. Everything is ok though because Google sent you an email saying the Russian Government was investigating something and needed your account. Would you feel better if they asked you before they took your files? Most people wouldRead MoreAnalysis Of Oleg Cassini s King Of Bridal 1325 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican history. He was born in Paris on April 11, 1913 to the Count and Countess Cassini, his grandfather being the Peking Imperial Russian Ambassador. He grew up with his younger brother, Igor Cassini, who turned out t o be very similar in many ways. As a child he spent most of his life traveling from Russia, Denmark, and Copenhagen due to his father’s occupation. When he became a young adult his dream was to become a soldier or diplomat. He was unable to fulfill his dream when the Russian empireRead MoreBudget As Policy And Strategy1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean allies has made them vulnerable and more dependent. Therefore, the new NATO strategy urges the NATO states to spend 2% of their GDP on defense. Throughout the history, DOD has experienced increased and decrease in its budget by the executive and legislative. But the Strategic Choices and Management Review was an opportunity to look at the national security from the prospect of the budgeting. While there were lots of concerns and critics about the US expenditure on defense and its engagements

Case Study- Moto free essay sample

What was Mows purpose and agenda for the first meeting with Cromwell? How does he try to implement his agenda? Mottos purpose for the first meeting with Cromwell was to attain a good business relation work with the best contracting company for his KID business. He also tried to make a good Impression about himself by reaching on time for the meeting, learning to speak good English ; learning about the company beforehand. He Implies his agenda by first handing out he business card which In Japan Is an Important Instrument to learn about the other party.He also presents him a gift which he got all the way from Japan. Finally, he wishes to spend some time playing golf with Cromwell In order to build a better relationship among the executives. Q. 3 What was the significance of the dolls? What went wrong? Motto brought the gift of Oshkosh dolls from Japan as a present for Cromwell to establish a good friendship among them. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study- Moto or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The dolls were very important for Motto as his wife spent most her day picking out these dolls and also they were made from a special maple in the mountains near his family home in Niagara. Cromwell failed to notice that the gift was actually meant for him and not his daughter. Motto was also offended with Crewels behavior when he opened the gift in front of him and commented they resemble dolls made in Russia. This type of behavior is accepted to be offensive to the Japanese. As a result when Motto did not receive any gratitude or gift in return from Cromwell he was disappointed in his efforts to create a good friendship. Q. 5 How did Motto feel about Subsequences behavior early on? How did their allegations change?Subversives was a mysterious person for Motto during the early days of their meeting. Motto was disappointed when Subversives also failed to recognize the importance of exchanging business cards. He seemed to be cordial and polite but not really intimate. The same way how Cornell did not appreciate his dolls when Subversives did the same when he presented him with a KID pen, he felt really offended as it would be in the Japanese culture. He would flatly refuse any chance of them hanging out together for drinks or so.When Motto requested for the communication of past sales this made Subversives quite furious and made him Insecure. Motto thought his behavior was Irrational and It Is quite logical to go through proper historical details of the company. However, their relationship Improved after they went out to a bar together. Subversives opens up to Motto and they get close each other. For the next four months they both enjoyed each others company and worked together on everything. They would share their joys and sorrows together and Motto had made a great friend until he got a better opportunity elsewhere.

Subcultures and Subcultural Marketing free essay sample

We are brought up to follow the beliefs, values, and customs of our society and to avoid behavior that is judged unacceptable or considered to be taboo. In addition to segmenting in terms of cultural factors, marketers also segment overall societies into smaller subgroups or subcultures that consist of people who are similar in terms of their ethnic origin, their customs, and the ways they behave.These subcultures provide important marketing opportunities for astute marketing strategists. So, now our discussion in this chapter on subcultures will be more focused marred to the other chapters. Instead of examining the dominant beliefs, values, and customs that exist within an entire society, we will explore the marketing opportunities created by the existence of certain beliefs, values, and customs shared by members of specific sub cultural groups within a society.These sub cultural divisions are based on a variety of socio-cultural and demographic variables such as nationality, religi on, geographic locality, race, age, sex, and even working status. We will write a custom essay sample on Subcultures and Subcultural Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Objectives After studying this chapter we should be able: Dunderheads the concept of subcultures; O Identify the various types of subcultures and measure their impact on consumer behavior. Subcultures Culture can be divided into subcultures: The term subculture refers to a category of people who share a sense of identification that is distinguishable from that of the total culture.A sub-culture is an identifiable distinct, cultural group, which, while following the dominant cultural values of the overall society also has its own belief, values and customs that set them apart from other members of the same 1 OF s Sub-culture categories are: ; Nationality: Bangladesh, Indian, Pakistani; Religion: Hinduism, Islam; ; Race: Asian, black, white; ; Age: Generation X Market, Generation Y Market, Seniors, Baby Boomers Market; ; Sex: Male, Female; ; Occupation: Farmer, teacher, business; ; Social class: upper, middle, lower; ; Geographic regions: South India, North-eastern India.Let us now lo ok at some of these aspects of subculture in greater details. 1 Regional, Ethnic, and Religious Influences on Consumer Behavior o Regional Influences A. Regions within the country, B. Regions across the World. O Ethnic Influences A. Ethnic Groups within the Country, B. Multicultural Marketing, C. Ethnic Groups around the World. O Religious Infill ounces The three major aspects of culture that have important effects on consumer behavior are regional, ethnic, and religious differences.Firstly, consumption patterns may differ in various regions of Bangladesh and the world, and marketing strategy can sometimes be tailored specifically to these regions. Secondly, our country has a number of different ethnic groups, and population trends will dramatically alter the demographic profile of the country in the next 50 years. Ethnicity Ethnic origin refers to the genetic irritate group a person is born in- marketplace behavior and marketer response; ovary mainstream marketing for ethnic markets; o Pay attention to customs; 0 Product adaptation; souse of multicultural models in advertising.This diverse population is described in terms of its distinct identity and language, strong family and religious orientation, solid work ethic, and youthfulness. The broad characteristics can influence consumption (e. G. , brand loyalty and the desire for prestige products) and have important implications for product development, advertising media targeting, promotions, and distribution. Say for instance, in the United States, the African American population is described as urban, young, social, and religious. Black consumers value prestigious brands and are smart investigative shoppers. These patterns lead to important marketing implications. The very diverse Asian American us Becquerel is described as young and having higher socioeconomic status, placing strong value on the family and the group, and being strongly brand loyal. In spite of its diversity, marketing strategies can be developed for this group. Many marketers are now becoming multicultural in their marketing activities by trying to appeal to a variety of cultures at the same time. Although the diversity of the Indian melting pot may be unique, there are many important ethnic groups in other areas of the world.Finally, religious beliefs and values can influence consumer. 2. Age, Gender, and Household Influences on Consumer Behavior l. How Age Affects Consumer Behavior A. Generation X Market, B. Generation Y Market, C. Seniors, D. Baby Boomers Market. II. How Gender Affects Consumer Behavior A. Sex Roles Have Changed, Differences in Acquisition and Consumption Behaviors. B. How the Household Influences Consumer Behavior Ill. A. Types of Households, Changing Trends in Household Structure. IV. Roles That Household Members Play A. Roles of Spouses, B. The Roles of Children, C. Household Decision Making Versus Household Consumption Behavior. Age has a major influence on customer behavior ; Chronological versus psychological age. *Needs and wants vary with age ; Lifetime revenue: estimated revenue over a customers lifetime. *Population age changes imply major shifts in markets and values/demand -E. G. Ageing baby boomers. Lees look at the four major age groups. Teens, who need to establish an identity, are the consumers of tomorrow and have an increasing influence on family decisions. The somewhat disillusioned Generation X consists of smart and cynical consumers who can easily see through obvious marketing attempts.Baby boomers grew up in a very dynamic and fast changing world and this has affected their values for individualism and freedom. The 50 and older segment can be divided into two groups-the young again and the gray market. Neither group likes to be thought of as old. The affect of gender differences on consumer behavior is examined next. Sex oleos are changing. Women are becoming more professional and independent, and men are becoming more sensitive and caring. Also, men and women can differ in terms of traits, information processing, decision styles, and consumption patterns. Consistent throughout lifetime, influencing customer values and preferences. ; Different consumption patterns and perceptions of consumption situations -E. G. The wedding ceremony. ; Differences for business-to-business products and services career paths, benefits and support services. -Also Let us now focus on how households play a key role in consumer behavior. The proportion of nontraditional households has increased due to factors such as- (1) Later marriages, (2) Cohabitation, (3) Increased divorce, and (4) Fewer children. Households also exert an important influence on acquisition and consumption patterns.First, household members can play different roles in the decision process (gatekeeper, influencer, decider, buyer, and user). Second, husbands and wives vary in their influence in the decision process, depending on the situation-husband-dominant, wife-dominant, autonomic, or syntactic. 3. Chirographys: Values, Personality, and Lifestyles We need to answer these questions regarding the role Of chirographys in affecting consumer behavior. L. Values A. How Can Values Be Described? B. Which Values Characterize Western Culture? C. Why DO values Change? D.What Affects Our Values? E. How Can Values Be Measured? II. Personality A. How Has Personality Been Studied? B. Do Personality Characteristics Affect Consumer Behavior? Ill. Lifestyles IV. Chirographys: Combining Values, Personality, and Lifestyles and Lifestyle Survey, B. Other Applied Cryptographic Research. A Values Values are enduring beliefs about things that are important. They are learned wrought the processes of colonization and acculturation. Our values exist in an organized value system, with some values being viewed as more important than others.Some are regarded as terminal values and reflect desired end states that guide behavior across many different situations. Instrumental values are those needed to achieve these desired end states. Domain-specific values are those that are relevant within a given sphere of activity. Western cultures tend to place a relatively high value on material goods, youth, the home, family and children, work and play, health, hedonism, and technology. Personality consists of the distinctive patterns of behaviors, tendencies, qualities, and personal dispositions that make people different from one another.Approaches to the study of personality include- (1) The psychoanalytic approach, which sees personality arising from unconscious internal struggles within the mind at key stages Of development; (2) Trait theories, which attempt to identify a set of personality characteristics that describe and differentiate individuals, such as introversion, extroversion, and stability; (3) Phenomenological approaches, which propose that personality is shaped by an individuals interpretation of fife events (4) Social-psychological theories, which focus on how individuals act in social situations (e. . , compliant, detached, or aggressive); and (5) Behavioral approaches, which view an individuals personality in terms of past rewards and punishments. Marketers also measure lifestyles, which are patterns of behavior (or activities, interests, and opinions). These lifestyles can provide some additional insight into consumers consumption patterns. Finally, some marketing researchers use Cryptographic techniques that involve all of these factors to predict consumer behavior.

Incessant Desire -Symbolism Of A Poem, Painting And Song Essays

Incessant Desire -Symbolism Of A Poem, Painting And Song Essays Incessant Desire -Symbolism of a poem, painting and song When I was younger, I lost my boyfriend in a terrible car accident that could not be avoided. I tried to convince myself that I was only dreaming ; but the truth was he was gone and id never, ever see him again. Dante Gabriel Rossetties,?Beata Beatrix?, brings back awful memories I would rather leave in the past. The woman takes up the majority of the painting .A vision of beauty , but also of death, love but most of all despair. Christina Rossetties,?Echo? relats to Dantes painting because they both deal with the same feelings of hope and despair. Toni Braxtons ?Unbreak My Heart ? can be described as a combination of Rossetties ?Echo? and Dantes ?Beata Beatrix? because all three works show the same feelings of despair. Poetry is a way a poet expresses his or her feelings and beliefs. Christina Rossetti wants him to come back any way possible. She starts her poem with ?Come to me in the silence of the night? followed by ?...in the silence of a dream? . She needs him, she misses him. She wants to feel him next to her , so she can hold him and stare into his eyes. One critics opinion is that,? Christina Rossetties songs of love are nearly always of loves loss.? The character is so devastated that she would rather die than be without her beloved,.?...Pulse for pulse, breath for breath.?She would give her own life again though cold in death than live with all the pain. A critc says that, As [Rossetti] she sinks her poetry rises , and gushes pu out of ehr heart to heaven . It stains sad, sweet, tender and musical that a saint might envy. Paintings are art that is used to express lost feelings for lost loves. By using conspicous objects, a painter can forshadow what is to come without actually showing it. Dante uses a bird as a symbol for a messanger of death, as if it has come to take her away forever. He uses a poppy-flower that is used to induce sleep. The woman looks as if she?s finally at peace; she can finally rest. She does not have a care in the world. Dante Gabriel Rossetti painted this intensley spiritual portrait as a memorial to his wife (Lizzie) who died the year of 1862. Her death left the Italian poet and painter griefstricken. Many artists perfer to use music to make their feelings and expressions come to life. Toni Braxton feels helpless, she thinks the world is unkind , that life is so cruel without her companion next to her. Braxton is heart-brocken because hes gone. She feels like dying . The only thing she does is keep crying. She needs him beside her , to hold her, to make her happy. She says she needs him to ,?take back the sad word goodbye -to bring back the joy to her life?. The poem , song , and painting come together in a special way . That is wanting lost lovers to come back , but knowing it is not possible. Even now , not a day goes by that I dont think of John , and what happened and if somehow I could have stopped it, but life goes on and time may pass maybe even years, but you never forget your first love, ever. You just keep thinking its only a dream adn when you die , you will have actually woken up from this nightmare that we call life , and he will be there once again , this time forever.

Writing to Parents Around the World

Writing to Parents Around the World Families around the world, whether they are in New York City, London, or Mumbai, look to parenting magazines for tips on everything from discipline to fun events. As a freelancer, these publications offer numerous opportunities to earn extra income and expand your audience. Writing for parenting magazines outside the United States is similar to writing for American publications, but with a few caveats. This article shows you what to keep in mind. First of all, where can you find these markets? Start with a Google search. Type keywords such as parenting magazines, as well as whatever country youre interested in working in. Stick to publications that publish in a language youre proficient in. Im a monolingual English speaker, so I prefer to deal with publications in that language. One problem with dealing with publications that dont speak your language is that the barrier can lead to miscommunication. When youre negotiating a contract, you dont want a publication that doesnt understand English-language terms such as kill fee and pays on acceptance. Once you find a publication you want to work for, study the website, paying special attention to the list of editors. Many magazine websites have the email addresses of editors. Whenever possible, approach the managing or associate editor with your pitch. The larger magazines list editors on their websites, but some smaller publications only have a general email address or contact form. In this case, contact the publication at the general address and inquire about which editor accepts article queries. Be willing to wait a couple of days for a response. In some cases, you might have to make an international call to verify editor information. Find the phone number on the publication website. Use timeanddate.com to find the local time. Always call your publication during its business hours, even if its a seven or eight-hour difference from your location. After you find the appropriate editor for your pitch, start writing your article proposal. Remember one thing though – youre writing not to fellow Americans, but to cultures with different biases and expectations. Being culturally insensitive is the fastest way to kill your potential assignment before its born. Some countries are very conservative when it comes to gender roles, while other countries frown on articles that glorify violence. In other words, your article on sex education may fly in Western Europe but not in the Middle East. Your nostalgic piece on cap guns may not be acceptable in a country with strict gun-control laws. One good site to get an overview on cultural etiquette is ediplomat.com. This website was originally meant for American diplomats in foreign countries, but its also good for tourists in general and writers. It takes some special skills to crack international parenting markets. But in the end, the extra work brings in a higher income and a larger audience for your work. Here are five international parenting publications for American freelance writers: ParentsCanada.com Country: Canada Website: www.parentscanada.com Editor: Janice Biehn Email: janiceb@parentscanada.com The Green Parent Country: United Kingdom Website: www.thegreenparent.co.uk Editor: Melissa Corkhill Email: features@thegreenparent.co.uk Absolutely Mama Country: United Kingdom Website: www.absolutely-mama.co.uk Editor: Helen Baron Email: helen.baron@zest-media.com Mother, Ba Country: United Arab Emirates Website: www.motherba Print edition editor: Dina Maaty Email: dina.maaty@cpimediagroup.com Online editor: Emma Hodgson Email: emma.hodgson@cpimediagroup.com Essential Ba Country: Australia Website: www.essentialba Editor: Melanie Mahoney Email: mmahoney@fairfaxmedia.com.au

Writing to Parents Around the World

Writing to Parents Around the World Families around the world, whether they are in New York City, London, or Mumbai, look to parenting magazines for tips on everything from discipline to fun events. As a freelancer, these publications offer numerous opportunities to earn extra income and expand your audience. Writing for parenting magazines outside the United States is similar to writing for American publications, but with a few caveats. This article shows you what to keep in mind. First of all, where can you find these markets? Start with a Google search. Type keywords such as parenting magazines, as well as whatever country youre interested in working in. Stick to publications that publish in a language youre proficient in. Im a monolingual English speaker, so I prefer to deal with publications in that language. One problem with dealing with publications that dont speak your language is that the barrier can lead to miscommunication. When youre negotiating a contract, you dont want a publication that doesnt understand English-language terms such as kill fee and pays on acceptance. Once you find a publication you want to work for, study the website, paying special attention to the list of editors. Many magazine websites have the email addresses of editors. Whenever possible, approach the managing or associate editor with your pitch. The larger magazines list editors on their websites, but some smaller publications only have a general email address or contact form. In this case, contact the publication at the general address and inquire about which editor accepts article queries. Be willing to wait a couple of days for a response. In some cases, you might have to make an international call to verify editor information. Find the phone number on the publication website. Use timeanddate.com to find the local time. Always call your publication during its business hours, even if its a seven or eight-hour difference from your location. After you find the appropriate editor for your pitch, start writing your article proposal. Remember one thing though – youre writing not to fellow Americans, but to cultures with different biases and expectations. Being culturally insensitive is the fastest way to kill your potential assignment before its born. Some countries are very conservative when it comes to gender roles, while other countries frown on articles that glorify violence. In other words, your article on sex education may fly in Western Europe but not in the Middle East. Your nostalgic piece on cap guns may not be acceptable in a country with strict gun-control laws. One good site to get an overview on cultural etiquette is ediplomat.com. This website was originally meant for American diplomats in foreign countries, but its also good for tourists in general and writers. It takes some special skills to crack international parenting markets. But in the end, the extra work brings in a higher income and a larger audience for your work. Here are five international parenting publications for American freelance writers: ParentsCanada.com Country: Canada Website: www.parentscanada.com Editor: Janice Biehn Email: janiceb@parentscanada.com The Green Parent Country: United Kingdom Website: www.thegreenparent.co.uk Editor: Melissa Corkhill Email: features@thegreenparent.co.uk Absolutely Mama Country: United Kingdom Website: www.absolutely-mama.co.uk Editor: Helen Baron Email: helen.baron@zest-media.com Mother, Ba Country: United Arab Emirates Website: www.motherba Print edition editor: Dina Maaty Email: dina.maaty@cpimediagroup.com Online editor: Emma Hodgson Email: emma.hodgson@cpimediagroup.com Essential Ba Country: Australia Website: www.essentialba Editor: Melanie Mahoney Email: mmahoney@fairfaxmedia.com.au

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth Essay

The Impact of Stock Markets on Economic Growth - Essay Example This paper describes the mechanism of the of the impact of stock market on long-term economic indicators, regarding the growth of the economy. Main channels of stock markets influence on economic growth of a country are specified. It is known that stock markets are connected with the economic growth through the creation of liquidity. It means that really profitable investments demand just long-turn capital commitment, but investors don’t want to relinquish their capital for such long time without any control. Actually liquid stock markets make their investments more secure and in such way more attractive. Stock markets allow investors to acquire equity (an asset) and then to sell it rather quickly and without any problems. Liquid stock markets facilitate long-term investments and make them more profitable. It is apparent that stock markets are necessary and important for growth, because they improve capital allocation and in such a way they enhance prospects for long-term economic development. Stock markets as it was mentioned above make investments more secure and attractive. Actually well-functioning stock market is useful and necessary for economic development through following issues: growth of investments and savings, effective and efficient resources allocation, better distribution and utilization of existing resources. Volatility of stock markets had negative influence in France and Japan. Stock market volatility didn’t affect greatly the United Kingdom. Concerning Germany the volatility was stated to be insignificant.

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example Performing a critical analysis is not usually easy for an individual because of the abundance and ambiguous status of the facts pertinent to the scenarios that are to be analyzed. Some cases require further scrutiny to uncover unknown details, which are really important thus initial skepticism and open-mindedness are often required in developing good critical thinking. (Bloom's Taxonomy Internet) Take for example a certain job regarding work relation in a specific office. A certain piece of valuable went missing and the whole work community in the office is already chattering blaming a shy and timid employee as the thief who stole the missing valuable. Employing critical thinking would not let someone to hastily judge that employee because of his social diffidence. Instead of inappropriate judgment, analyze first the case at hand and evaluate the details pertinent to it to find clues and information leading to the solution. Failure to practice critical thinking will only lead to inac curate and often wrong conclusion thus neglecting the purpose of the human logical capabilities. Proper judgment requires the critical thinking and analysis of the available information and specific details. It is very important that one must first utilize his or her brain before jumping to any hasty judgment to avoid mistakes and further aggravation of the problem already at hand. Thus, solution and accurate knowledge can only be attained by having critical analysis of the facts leading to the plausible conclusion. Several factors of education explain a person's pattern of learning. The aspects of philosophy of thinking and learning which merely refers to the thought provoking a person to have a yearning for learning usually helps an educator determine the progress of his student with regards to what he is teaching and what his student is able to grasp for learning.(King 3) The following paragraphs shall discuss the mentioned factors of education and shall clarify some points of consideration concerning the principles of learning involved in education. (King 4) Learning involves the utilization of reality. What does the context of reality actually mean Reality as defined refers to the facts that are present in the society. These so-called facts support the existence of several things in the environment. Through the utilization of the realties in educating a person, an educator is supposed to help the student reject the impractical and visionary aspects of learning. Through this matter of teaching, a student is able to see the importance of what is obviously seen and not what is simply imaginary. Gaining knowledge through this way would naturally help a person understand his being and his environment as well based on constructed foundation of belief. Naturally, learning in a perennial way gives an individual the most important knowledge he has to learn from life. His experiences are generated to become sources of practical understanding, which in turn would help him cope up with life's challenges due to the fact that he has learned to face h e said obstacles through his experiential learning. (King 5) One's ability to value what he learns follows the process of learning. His capability of applying the knowledge he has gained is the turning point of his learning and the fact

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Free

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Essay Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. The case is subtitled â€Å"Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit.† What is the meaning of â€Å"Certiorari†?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certiorari is an order by a higher court to review the subordinate court. In this the higher court request the lower court to bring the case forward so that it can review how the lower court has gone about with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Which justice wrote the majority opinion for the court? Which justices joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice Kennedy wrote the majority opinion. Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Alito, Justice Breyer later on joined him,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. In five sentences or fewer and in your own words, what are the underlying facts of this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case involves a plaintiff who was found guilty of a misdemeanor and given a fine for a traffic offense. However, he felt that the police had violated his rights and went to the Supreme Court to seek a certiorari for the court to look at the decision of the lower courts but the court of appeal affirmed the decision by the lower courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. What was the main legal issue in this case? In other words, which constitutional provisions were allegedly violated?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main legal issues was whether the police had actually violated a fundamental right in the constitution. The right to privacy is the constitutional question in this case. Who did Petitioner sue? (Who was defendant in original case?)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5. The petitioner was the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Burlington.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the decision of the District court?                   6.The district court held that there was a violation of the fourth amendment.                   7.And how about the Appeals court? What was their decision?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court of appeal upheld the decision of the district court.                   8. The U.S. Supreme Court noted in the majority decision that Appeals courts around the country have been split on this issue. Did this influence the Supreme Court’s decision to hear this case? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This did not affect this case as the court applied their discretion to see the events that had been currently been brought before the court and keep aside the ideas that had ever applied in other cases. The court was also interested to create a precedence as such.                   9. The majority cites the case Block v Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576. For what purpose did they bring up this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court used this decision to try and explain the reason for upholding the third circuit as such. This tries to explain the reasons as to why the court upheld it and also show situation which the issue of contraband banning could be used. The court used this to show that if the arrested party was a person of higher degree crime then he could be denied the rights.                   10. The court also raises Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517. What point were they trying to make here?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of this case was also to try and explain why the court had made this decision as such and also show instances that such a decision would not amount to infringement of rights.                   11. And Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 was discussed in depth. In your own words, what were the facts of that case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case the petitioner had come to court to seek whether undoubted security imperatives that are involved in jail supervision override an assertion that some of the detainees must evade from the invasive search.                   12.Why did the majority cite the Atwater case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The majority cited this case to act as a guideline as to whether there can be limitation to enjoyment some rights as such.                   1. The majority lists the many types of contraband that can be smuggled into jails. List at least six examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mobile Phones, Drugs, Weapons, Glass materials, Illegal clothing, Messages to other prisoners                   2. Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was discussed. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation was discussed to show the situations that the right can be limited. The right is explained that it can be limited in cases that the arrested party would pose a threat to the security of the public.                   3. Chief Justice Roberts issued a â€Å"concurring† opinion. What is a â€Å"concurring† opinion?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A concurring opinion is an opinion that goes in line with the decision and majority opinion of the courts.                   4. In your own words, what is Chief Justice Robert’s point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chief justice Roberts tries to explain the impossibility of the court giving the exclusion of a rule delivered by the same court as such. J                  5. ustice Alito also filed a concurring opinion. What was his point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His opinion was that the court will not be present at all times to ensure that the offenders are not subjected to these conditions. He tries to explain the fact that a judicial officer cannot always be present in the police stations to ensure that the right is not infringed at all.                   6. Who wrote the dissenting opinion? And who joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissenting opinion was written by Justice by Breyer                   7. The dissent said that a certain standard should apply to searches. What standard were they recommending?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The standard that he sets is the determination of the weight of cases so as to be able to know how serious a matter could be before opting to go ahead to conduct searches on a detainee.                   8. The dissent, too, cites Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 315. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opinion cites this case to cite situations I which the right to privacy could be limited and not in minor offences such as the one brought before the court of justice.                   9. On page 5 of the dissent the justices refer to â€Å"amicus† briefs. What is an Amicus brief?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, an amicus brief simply means an intervening brief to a case presented before the court of law.                   10. What examples did the dissent include to show those strip-searched for minor offenses?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissent uses the example of traffic offenders being subjected to the same manner just as the people involved in major state offences.                   11. If you were on the court, would you side with the majority, the dissent, or one of the concurring opinions? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most importantly, I would side with the decent since they have managed to show conclusively how the right can be infringed as such and also tries to protect the rights of minor offenders as well. References Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. (2012)566. U.S Source document

Incentives For The Future Essay -- essays research papers

Economic incentives are instruments that use financial means to motivate polluters to reduce the health and environmental risks posed by their facilities, processes, or products. These incentives provide monetary and near-monetary awards for polluting less and impose costs of various types for polluting more, thus supplying motivation for polluters to change their behavior. The report distinguishes seven basic types of incentives: Pollution charges, fees, and taxes; deposit-refund systems; trading programs; subsidies for pollution control, liability approaches; information disclosure; voluntary programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic incentives offer several advantages that make them attractive environmental management tools. First, economic incentives, in some circumstances, can be structured to achieve larger reductions in pollution than would result from traditional regulations. Second, economic incentives often can control pollution at lower costs than can traditional regulations. Third, the use of economic incentives, in contrast to that of traditional regulations, can more easily control pollution generated by a multitude of small and dispersed sources. Fourth, economic incentives can stimulate technological improvements and innovations in pollution control in situations where traditional regulatory mechanisms may not. Progressive companies are shifting rapidly from an approach of compliance to one of proactive environmental management. The revolution in thinking has gone through three stages: 1) the widespread business practice in the 1960s and 1970s of coping with environmental crises as they occurred and of attempting to control the resulting damage; 2) the reactive mode in the 1980s of struggling to comply with rapidly changing government environmental regulations and minimizing the costs of compliance; 3) the proactive environmental management strategy in the 1990s, through which corporations began to anticipate the environmental impacts of their operations, take measures to reduce waste and pollution in advance of regulation, and find positive ways of taking advantage of business opportunities through total quality environmental management.(4) For many firms, environmental values are now becoming an integral part of their corporate cultures and management processes. In a growing number of com panies, environmental impacts are being audit... ...id- to late-1980s executives in many larger corporations began to realize that waste reduction saved money. The forces described earlier began to push many firms into strategies that went beyond compliance. In the late 1980s proactive environmental management and the total- quality-management movement began to converge. TQM initiatives gave firms unexpected insights into how to make environmental management cost-effective and market-driven. By the beginning of the 1990s, waste minimization programs had been adopted by a diverse group of U.S.- based MNCs, among them Allied Signal, General Dynamics, Dow Chemical, Chevron, Boeing, AT&T, Amoco, General Electric, IBM, Polaroid, and Xerox.(15) Many successful businesses were voluntarily performing internal environmental compliance audits to identify and correct their environmental liabilities, demonstrate good-faith effort, and reduce government pressures. More importantly, the voluntary audits forced businesses to evaluate operating systems, identify the actual cost of controls, and develop environmental performance strategies to eliminate liabilities altogether.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://environ.uiuc.edu/epareport.htm

Physician And Managed Care Contracts Essay

A contract is a legal binding agreement between two parties that is aimed to execute a certain objective. It is a kind of arrangement wherein a certain action is pledged in exchange for a specific proposition or offer. In order for a contract to be valid, four essential elements must be present in a contract. Firstly, two parties should exist in the contract. One party is presenting an offer while the other party is accepting the offer as a form of return for whatever specifications are requested in the contract. Secondly, the contract should indicate that both parties give their consent or are willing to enter into such an arrangement. Such intention should show that the person giving the offer is capable of providing the offer, while the party accepting the offer should be able to clearly show his/her acceptance of the offer. In addition, both parties must be willing to enter an agreement without any other hidden conditions. Thirdly, a purpose or objective should be indicated in a contract. The purpose should be detailed enough to clearly show what is requested or expected in exchange for the specific offer. And lastly, adequate consideration or an adequate value must be indicated as offer in the contract, in the form of money or in kind. The consideration or compensation can not be given to the accepting party prior to the acceptance of the offer. The act of accepting an offer constitutes a deal. Certain offers have a limited time of availability, wherein an expiration date is indicated and the offer can not be accepted after the said date, unless the offer is renewed or stands indefinitely. In addition, the party presenting the offer has the right to withdraw its offer, but only before an acceptance is received. Once an offer is accepted, the contract may not be modified or revised. Changes in the offer may only be incorporated during the negotiation stage of the agreement, which then makes a contract some kind of a bargain. Similarly, physicians enter contracts with managed care organizations (MCOs) or health management organizations (HMOs) in order to promote their services. The four essential elements of a contract should be carefully studied before accepting any offer or signing any contract. For example, as for the element of willingness and capability to enter a contract, a physician should initially must find out the MCO/HMO’s length of operation and financial stability, because this will give the physician an idea whether the company is capable to pay him at a regular schedule. In addition, it would be good to contact some colleagues who have signed contracts with the same company, in order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the organization and to unearth any unwritten conditions or policies. The physician should also investigate the identity of the MCO/HMO, and any other parties in the contract, should there be more than two parties indicated in the contract. The most overlooked element of a contract between a physician and an MCO/HMO is the purpose or objective of the contract, which describes a several definitions of services and people that will be covered by the health plan, both during emergency and out-patient consultation events. A comprehensive study of the contract may possibly prevent misunderstandings between the two parties and therefore provide a clear-cut description of the services that the physician is expected to deliver. Another important element of a physician-MCO/HMO contract is the obligations of each party. It is usually indicated in the contract that the physician will actively maintain his/her medical practice documents such as licenses, certifications, registrations and permits in order to provide his/her services to patients. The physician should also inform the MCO/HMO of any modifications on his/her status as a practicing physician. In turn, the MCO/HMO presents its rules and regulations to the potential physician or health care provider working under their company. All policies, guidelines, reviews and appeals should be revealed in order to have its physicians working at the standardized efficiency and competency. The physician’s compensation should be indicated in a physician-MCO/HMO contract. Details including the amount and schedule of payment should be clearly stated in the contract. Payment modes may be in form of per diem, per case, per service or a certain percentage of the premiums. The physician, in turn, should understand the protocol for filing claims and any other arrangements or coordination with the MCO/HMO, including the limited time when these documents may be filed. The MCO/HMO should also indicate in the contract that the physician will receive his/her salary on a regular basis. A physician-MCO/HMO contract may be terminated by either mutual agreement of both parties, or with sufficient cause or reason from the physician, or without cause or reason from the physician. However, a 30-day notice is usually required before any termination takes effect, to provide ample time for the physician to finalize any current patients, cases, services and/or referrals. Contracts are legally binding documents which must be carefully studied and considered before pursuing an agreement and letting the contract take full effect. Every contract has its specific details and all sections of the contract should be well understood and explained.

Alignment Of The Human Resources Strategy Commerce Essay

A corporate scheme is the one which represents the overall vision and the mission of an administration. Many companies fail to concentrate on this and all they focus is on the bring forthing the goods and services trusting it satisfies the demands and wants of the client which is besides of import but is non everything an administration does. Let ‘s get down up with the intent of the assignment, the ground for this research is to measure the linkage of a company ‘s human resource ‘s scheme and the corporate scheme. Now by the corporate scheme here we mean is the overall vision set by the administration. This statement can be justified by many writers and is the existent fact that everyone in the administration should cognize. The ground is that the administrations fail largely is, they are non able to set up an effective scheme ( Verena, V 2006 ) of their functional countries such as the human resources, selling, finance etc. The assignment is concentrating chiefly with the human resources and it ‘s planning and the corporate scheme. â€Å" Corporate scheme concerns two different inquiries: what concern the corporation should be in and how the corporate office should pull off the array of the concern units. † ( Porter, M. 1990 ) The above definition reveals two facets that first every administration should cognize the industry it is covering. Second, the scope of concern units a company deals in. Now it is obvious that the corporate scheme can non be fulfilled without the proper engagement of the human resources in other words the employees to pull out the best possible result ( Rowe, A. 2006 ) . Thus the construct of alining the human resources scheme could be extracted by this impression. Therefore, this assignment evaluates the schemes laid by Singapore Airlines in order to accomplish the overall corporate scheme of the administration. The kernel of this research is the critical factor which would hold made the managing of the employees even better based on the literature used in the appraisal. THE CORPORATE STRATEGY AND OBJECTIVES OF SINGAPORE AIRLINESOverviewSingapore Airlines is a diversified company covering in assorted related concerns having harmonizing to an article written by Heracleous, L. , Wirtz, J. , viz. : Singapore Airport Terminal ( 80.8 % ) Singapore Engineering Company ( 81 % ) Singapore Airlines Cargo ( 100 % ) Silk Air ( 100 % ) Tiger Airways ( 49 % ) Virgin Atlantic ( 49 % )Corporate SchemeGiven that the company deals in diversified concerns Singapore Airlines at its corporate degree follows the scheme of related variegation. A related variegation scheme is in which: â€Å" †¦ an administration operates in several concerns that are someway linked to one another † ( Ricky, W. Griffin 2007 ) Harmonizing to Ricky, W. Griffin there are three basic benefits of utilizing such a scheme which are: The administrations that use such a scheme do non depend on any one concern cut downing the fiscal menaces. They cut down the operating expenditures i.e. the costs are divided by the figure of concerns. There is a interactive attack of basking the strengths and capableness through a figure of concerns it operates in.AimHarmonizing to an article written by Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P, the aims of Singapore Airlines were to: Supply a superior client satisfaction that will be consistent and moderately priced. A pleasant ROI to the stockholders and bring forthing equal net incomes to afford an ample support for investings. Develop the best Human Resources patterns that draw, grow, motivate and retain the work force which play a function in accomplishing the house ‘s aims. Maximise the capacity of operations and utilize all the available resources. With the above referred scheme and aims of Singapore Airlines through the attested beginnings it is clear that the house from it ‘s really founding has a construct of pull offing its ‘ employees ( cost effectivity ) in such a manner that it delivers and sustains an first-class service. Note: This subdivision is deliberately clean A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT TO SINGAPORE AIRLINES Knowing that Singapore Airlines has a corporate scheme that is related differentiated one and the aim of the house is to accomplish leading for in an first-class service which means the vision of the Singapore Airlines is to remain in front of the rivals. Now by this it besides evaluated that it is an air hose industry which is a service based industry. A logical impression to acquire from the aims set by Singapore Airlines is that it has to concentrate on utilizing the resources in such a manner that it turns out to be in excellence and the demand of best people with best public presentation through their accomplishments. In a scenario of such a sort this assignment takes a critical reappraisal of the schemes laid by the company with the aid of available literature on how can a steadfast do the best public presentation deploying and redeploying the human resources and the human resources schemes used by Singapore Airlines. These schemes can be extracted by the aid of the diagram given below which is followed by the account of each of the scheme.RECRUITMENT AND SELECTIONâ€Å" Furthermore, â€Å" the people recruited † in an endeavor or an organisation creates the concern civilization which can foreground endeavors ‘ places and do them different from rivals. † ( Vinet, N. 2010 ) The definition spring by Vinet draws an of import that the enlisting scheme should be done with the alliance of the coveted aim of an administration as it is the people in the administration who deal who represent the endeavor by making a civilization and that differentiates the administrations from the challengers. A research conducted by Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P Singapore Airlines is the one which is much concern of this affair as they lay a thorough scheme in the enlisting procedure and a rigorous procedure of choosing the employees. The procedure of recruiting and choice of employees goes through the undermentioned phases as evaluated from the research: Baseline enlisting and Screening: at the really first measure from a scope of appliers the showing of the appliers is made on the bases of their age ranges, academic makings and physical properties. Interviews: the appliers which are successful in the showing are farther take three unit of ammunitions of interviews. Uniform test: the appliers after the interview phases have to travel through the test of their visual aspects in the uniform. Water trials: a assurance degree testing is done of the appliers ‘ i.e. they are made to leap in H2O from a tallness of three meters, this gives the position to the interviewer what the reaction of them will be if such a state of affairs comes up where they have to escort the riders in the H2O. Psychometric trial: the psychological trials are so behavior to judge the intelligence, attitudes, aptitudes and personalities of the appliers. After the enlisting is made the successful appliers are farther monitored on a six month test and so contracted for five old ages if successful. This procedure of selecting is a most rigorous procedure by which Singapore Airlines ensures that they recruit the people with right accomplishments attributes the company desires to hold to accomplish the set aims.Training AND DEVELOPMENTAn article Greg Procknow gives five of import grounds as to why preparation is necessary in an administration: Training contributes to the overall scheme. Ensures the quality out of the employees through the preparation and development. Guaranting the security and safety is kept among the employees every bit good as the clients Attracting the skilled people and retain the bing 1s. Non-financial wagess for the employees for illustration: publicities. Singapore Airlines has a good lucifer given above such that it does believe that preparation is pool that links itself with the employees. It does hold a good accent on the preparation on the employees concentrating on the point that being a service based administration the employees the merely means by which it can accomplish its strategic aims and stick to the corporate scheme. Therefore a research conducted by Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P, Singapore Airlines group has seven preparation schools for the seven chief places of operations and service conveyance: Cabin crew Flight operations Commercial preparation Information engineering Security Airport services preparation and technology Further the preparation classs are conducted on a four and twenty nine months for the bing employees to assist them cognize and follow what the administration expects from them. Singapore Airlines follows holistic scheme in developing the human resources which is non merely concerned with the wellness and safety issues but besides on the functional issues and beauty attention, high-quality and alien nutrient and vino, art of conversation. The house has a Management Development Centre ( MDC ) besides offers general direction preparation under the horizon of the HR division.Service DELIVERY TEAMS[ MAXIMISING PERFORMANCE ]Harmonizing to Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P, the accent is laid in order to pull out a high value of public presentation from the employees through public presentation assessments. Through the public presentation appraisals the company is doing the squads effectual in executing. The public presentation is evaluated and assured through the followers: The leaders or the company supervise the staff developments The Staff public presentations are evaluated and communicated to them through assessments. The staffs are supervised sporadically. Feedbacks are taken besides from the monitored. An improved monitoring is done establishing on the employees feedback. As a consequence of such a public presentation assessment Singapore Airlines are successful in accomplishing a high public presentation ensuing a to an effectual bringing squad.Choice STAFF CONTROL[ MAXIMISING CONTRIBUTION ]The staff control scheme is laid particularly with the frontline cabin crew such that the corporate scheme and the organizational ends are communicated to the staff. They are made clear that their function is they do non hold a vision of going the universe ‘s largest air hose but be a cost leader in the industry. Therefore, the quality is to maintained and is non optional, this ensured by guaranting they hire people with the same quality through a series of appraisals made in the enlisting procedure ( psychometric trials, H2O trials, tea party trial, etc. ) . The ultimate rivals to Singapore Airlines are Air France-KLM Group, British Airways and the Lufthansa Airlines. The quality of the staff and their services are controls in order to remain in front of these challengers in footings of cost leading.MOTIVATION AND REWARDTo anticipate the best out of the employee they have to be motivated through a wages system ( Makenan, I. 2008 ) . This should b vitamin E genuinely based on their public presentation which denotes ‘well done good occupation ‘ as every employee expects this from this grasp from the directors, leaders and the administration. Harmonizing to the article written by Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P, Singapore Airlines uses both fiscal and non-financial wagess in order to the acknowledgment of the employees which can be seen below as follows: Non-financial wagess: Photographs and names of the good employees in the newssheets which is a signifier of acknowledgment. Annual Deputy Chairman ‘s Award Fiscal wagess: A important per centum of variable wage constituents linked to single staff parts and company ‘s fiscal public presentation. The above wagess used by Singapore Airlines works as a good factor to maximize the part and accomplishments of people who are selected exhaustively through the stiff enlisting and choice procedure. All the above schemes laid by the administration are successful 1s which help the administration to keep the corporate scheme and accomplish the corporate aims so far by cognizing it has been making good.Critical ASPECTS OF THE HUMAN RESOURCE STRATEGIES IN CONTEXT TO SINGAPORE AIRLINESRetention schemesAlthough the organistion is making really good in footings of pull offing the human resources and has been really effectual besides the house has made an effort to retain the accomplishments in the administration. An accent has besides made to make so as harmonizing to the research made by Jochen W, Loizos H, and Nitin P, shows that the administration maintains a direction development Centre which focuses on develops the employees and helps in retaining them by spliting the development programmes into 3 parts as: programmes the focal point on the varying precedences and required accomplishment at different managerial hierarchal phases ; Encouragement programmes to develop the managerial accomplishments ; Programs that focus in the countries of societal protocols and framing which in bend aid in self-development. But still the administration is holding a 10 % labour turnover every twelvemonth which may be due to the ground that the employees are non good motivated or recognised. The findings from the appraisal made on the footing of the assignment rubric gives a position point that the house has a keeping on the list and doing an indirect effort to prolong the work force, but at that place stands a demand for a direct keeping scheme which should be focused as the antonym can ensue in the followers: Excessively much cost of enrolling people as it is already traveling through a drawn-out procedure in the hunt of the right accomplishment. Excessively much of clip consumed besides in the enlisting and choice process. New staff takes clip or finds it hard to set in the civilization and environment. The skilled work force joins the rivals which is a winning point given to the challengers. In order to get the better of the people go forthing the administration a scope of schemes can be laid.Schemes to halt the labor turnoverImplementing of motive theory given by Fredrick Herzberg which divides people in the administration into two parts which given below in the theoretical account. Although the administration is actuating the employees through wagess but there should be a proper categorization of both the parties to stress on and development programs should be laid in conformity. Create communities among the employees which in bend build up a societal web. Peoples do non go forth the administration as go forthing the administration would be go forthing their webs. ( Torrington D. , Hall L. , Taylor S. 2005 ) Execution of grudge direction could besides cut down the resigning of employees as it makes them experience they have an option if they are non satisfied by their superior. Singapore Airlines should hold a process for placing such grudges. They can be identified by the followers:Beginning: Lecture notesExit interview, these are done with the employees who are go forthing the administration, and are helpful in retaining the employee by offerings and besides acquiring the feedbacks from them which can be incorporated in the administration. Gripe Boxs: these are the boxes in which the employees put their grudges and their critics to any superior. They differ from the suggestion boxes as the people do non stipulate who they are. Opinion Survey: A signifier of self rating of the grudges by the administration and a good manner to keep employee relationship and anticipate maximal part from the work force. Open-door Policy: A policy which is spoken of many times in an administration and is really less in action. This policy is the one where any employee or the director is free to near a superior to describe his or her grudge.KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENTSingapore Airlines does non hold an accent on the construct of cognition sharing among the employees. A cognition that is seemed to be preserved within the people but should be among the people as sharing of cognition tends to heighten when the thoughts shared and this is done in a collaborative mode. ( Lecture resources ) Schemes to promote cognition sharing in an administration: The procedure can be divided into people itself with specific duty to make so. As shown in the diagram below: Beginning: Lecture notes. The cognition designers: Chief Knowledge Officer and affect, among other things, who emphasize on how the cognition can be shared and how people will be trained, how they will be rewarded for collaborative working. The cognition facilitators: consists of people who run processes to assist knowledge flow, for illustration company journalists who write up client instance surveies and undertaking reappraisals ; bibliothecs who develop the storage and retrieval of information ; information service suppliers who provide an internal consultancy service to happen and present information to staff ; webmasters who develop the company intranet. The cognition cognizant: Consists of employees, who have a duty in sharing their expertness and cognition and take part in value of coaction. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The research in this assignment was made on Singapore Airlines as it is a service based administration and trades in a service industry and the human resource factor is much more critical here as they represent the organistion. It is their service which derives the competitory advantage for the administration. Singapore Airlines Emphasize on a double scheme i.e. cost leading and distinction. The human resources scheme has been good aligned so far to prolong the competitory advantage as the research shows that Singapore is non a budgetary air hose but still is offering the monetary value of a budgetary air hose. As this appraisal is based on the research made on the diary The Role of Human Resources in Achieving Service Excellence and Cost Effectiveness at Singapore Airlines by Jochen Wirtz, Loizos Heracleous and Nitin Pangarkar in 2007, the diary reveals five schemes laid by Singapore air hoses in order to aline the human resources scheme to the corporate scheme and aims through maximization of accomplishments and part of the people. At the terminal of the rating and the amplification of these schemes a point of view was clear that the administration although has a stiff and rigorous process of recruiting and choosing the people but which evidently for no uncertainty has to be so drawn-out and besides dearly-won. This factor could be reduced by cut downing the labor turnover. They necessity is due to a ground that when the economic system is down the turnover is what it is at the minute ( 10 % ) , but if the economic system is on the extremum this per centum can besides travel at the extremum. Therefore the administration should be concentrating on two chief factors given already recommended in the above subdivision that is: Retention scheme to prolong the accomplishment in the organistion and cognize why they leave the company. ( Torrington D. , Hall L. , Taylor S. 2005 ) Build or make cognition sharing environment in the company so that even if the people leave the administration at that place silent accomplishment remains expressed. The ground is that new staff take clip to set in the civilization and to be trained to give the same public presentation of the former employees

Literary Analysis of Sholom Aleichem and IL Peretz essays

Literary Analysis of Sholom Aleichem and IL Peretz essays Reading the writings of Aleichem and Peretz was a pure pleasure. It was like walking in the wood decorated with all kinds of flowers blooming. Although the roads Aleichem and Peretz took were bit different, they both attempted to describe the beauty of the Jewish culture and the hidden treasures which it offers to the world. One would wonder how, in the world, can there be a humor in the midst of horrible suffering? Well, get ready to surprise. Jewish culture without a humor is like a computer without a mouse. In another word, you can understand all the functions of computer with keyboard only, but it gets a lot easier if you have a mouse to with you. Understanding Jewish humors would help us what Jewish people think and feel of a world around them. The writings of Sholom Aleichem are good examples of the value of humor in revealing the heart of the Jewish culture. In Hodel, the conversation between Tevye and his wife reveals the value of Jewish people regarding the tradition. It also shows the role of a woman in a funny way. "What do I care about a medresh?" she says. "We have a daughter to marry off. And after her are two more almost ready. And after these two-three more-may the Evil Eye spare them!" "Tut," I say. "What's that? Don't you know, Golde, that our sages have thought of that also? There is a medresh for that, too. . . " But she doesn't let me finish. "Daughters to be married off," she says, "are a stiff medresh in themselves." so try to explain something to a woman! The story about the matchmaker, Menachem Mendel is also funny yet revealing very important feature of Jewish culture, an arranged marriage. I think Sholom Aleichem's humorous conversational style of writing can be compared as a sponge. His writing is so easy to understand and definitely funny. The readers would agree with Menachem Mendel when he says, "Laugh, laugh. . . You have the right to laugh!" However, if...

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What Is Meant By Market Failure And How Can Government Attempt To Essay

What Is Meant By Market Failure And How Can Government Attempt To Correct It - Essay Example In economics, a market failure takes place when â€Å"the production or use of goods and services by the market is not efficient†. In other words, market failure occurs when free market fail to provide optimum allotment of resources, either over-allocating, or under-allocating their resources, which results in economic inefficiency In other words, market failure occurs when free market fail to provide optimum allotment of resources, either over-allocating, or under-allocating their resources, which results in economic inefficiency (Francis, n.d). In such a case, there exists another possible outcome where the market participants’ gains would compensate their losses. Market failure is a serious issue as in consequence it disrupts social and economic region of a particular region or even the whole country. Thus, it is a challenge for governments to interfere and ensure that there is no risk of market failure. There are several ways in which governments can correct the sta te of markets: by public section production, regulations and antitrust legislation, taxation and subsidies (Francis, n.d). This paper discusses different kinds of market failure and the ways in which government can attempt to correct them. There are several general categories of market failure: market power, externalities, public goods, and equity. Market power is the ability of a company to influence the market price of a good or service, raising prices above competitive levels (Francis, n.d, ICT regulation toolkit, n.d). A company with market power can raise prices without losing a significant portion of its business to other companies. The rise in the prices above competitive levels may affect negatively the market as it results in diminished customer demand, efficiency loses, and harm on the public interest. Furthermore, companies with significant market power may abuse their power, using their leading position to reduce competition. Some common forms of anticompetitive conduct involve abuse of dominance, cross-subsidization, and misuse of information (Market Power, n.d). There are several ways in which governments can deal with abuse of significant market power. To start with, all national regulatory authorities (NRA) have to make an assessment of the state of completion in specific markets and consider whether such competitive behavior harms another companies and customers (European Regulators Group, 2007). In such a case, the dominant company may be required to stop its abusive behavior or make specific changes to its policy so that it would not be damaging to competition anymore (Remedies for Abuse of Dominance, n.d). This remedy requires the authorities to monitor the company continuously to guarantee that the behavioral change is maintained. Another possible solution is fining the company or its employers with direct responsibility for anticompetitive behavior. The firm can also be ordered to pay compensation to its customers and competitors who have been harmed by their policies. The European Regulators Group (2007) proposes functional separation in markets where non-discrimination procedures were ineffective in dealing with problems of abusive market power. Functional separation may involve breaking the company into two different firms with separate market shares, or separating competitive and monopoly products and services of the company. This solution may also include such elements as separation of operational support systems, brands, employees, and information management systems among new, individual business units. When deciding on the degree of the separation proposed, the NRA’s have to take into account the cost and benefits of this solution and base their decision on completed market reviews (The European Regulators Group, 2007). Cross-subsidization occurs when companies with market power charge a high price for their non-competitive products services and use different proceeds to subsidize low prices for compet itive goods. In such a case, governments can implement and enforce a price floor for the low-cost products in order to ensure that the revenue that is generated by the product

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Project management - Coursework Example Rate of performance is portion of work (in percentage) that is actually complete as compared to the work schedule to be achieved (Meredith and Mantel, 2008). It is assumed that 50% of the work is completed at the end of 5 years in 2011 since no information is available. The report is an analysis of the key causes of failure of the national program for Information Technology project undertaken by the UK government so as to unify patient records over the digital platform countrywide. The cause have been analysed based on theories in importance of project governance and leadership in successful project implementation. It was found that lack of objective and goal definition, proper leadership communication and proper guidance on importance of data security and need for communicating with doctors were key causes behind failure of the national project. Project governance assists in ensuring that the project is being executed as per standards set by the organization, which is using the project. Such governance assures that all activities are executed as per the required standards and ethical compliances are maintained while creating provision for accountability of the project management team. The project manager uses project governance to develop a proper reporting system under the structure of governance and such structures also define the roles and responsibilities of each project team member. The project manager can also utilize the governance structure for priority setting within project objectives. Project leadership, on the other hand, refers to the emphasis of project managers on planning, devising processes, developing structures and solving problems. The project manager is responsible for planning out projects, measuring performances and resolving conflicts and roadblocks that hamper project progress. Project leadership involves visioning, communication, strategizing, empowering, listening, questioning

Explain Intra Industry Trade Economics Essay

Explain Intra Industry Trade Economics Essay The basic definition of international trade is the exchange of items or commodities between countries without considering the nation boundary. The country is able to export a product when the product industry has grown completely and the production is far more than the demand of the home country. Import activity is done by purchasing certain product from other country to meet the demand of the nation about certain product. Economies of scale determine the import and export activity. Trading is the cause for organizations to focus on cost efficiency. Another point of view for organizations to think about trade is it expands the industry boundary without any limit. The industry can expand its business activity and the output to export. If an organization is producing a product in large quantity, there is a phenomenon that its cost will reduce and it is call economies of scale. 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The external economies of scale mean the cost efficiency due to the involvement of third party in term of technical or commercial support. In this case, the firm takes the services like training of the labour, technological help and all factors which can reduce the cost. In this case the economies of scale are internal for the industry and external for the firm. The important thing about economies of scale is that the countries with little differences in term of resources and technology are gaining the efficiency and becoming the part of intra-trade industry. As, world is a global village, the economies of scale explain the phenomenon of intra- industry trade in which countries are trading almost similar products with minor differentiation with each other. Economies of scale mean production in large quantity. If a country produces a certain product in large quantity it can lower the cost as the cost of the product is divided into two parts, variable and fixed cost. The greater the firms production capability, the larger the economies of scale and intra-industry trade. International trade theory explains the pattern for international trading between the countries around the globe. Intra-industry trade is more suitable for monopolistic competition than oligopoly. In monopolistic competition there is only one major player of the industry who holds the share of the market and price of the product. In monopolistic competition the firm produces in a large quantity which reduces the cost of the product. And in oligopoly many players have the share of the industry and price control power. According to Ohlin theory of trade, the trading between the countries is due to the lack of resources. The countries trade to utilize the resources and fulfil the need of the resources, because none of the country has enormous resources. The countries have to fulfil the demand of the resources and for that they need to import it from another country. The modern trade theory revolves around three factors which are technology, competitive structure, and scale of production (Robert, 2010). Competitive structure is related to the competitive advantage over the competitors in term of resources. These resources can be technical, cost efficiency or the product differentiation. The drivers of the economy are technology and economies of scale. Now days technology is playing the most important role in the economy as the cost efficient and effective of the factors of production depends on it. Technology is the factor which can either make the unit cost so high or the unit cost can be a minimum. Heckscher-Ohlin model of trade revolve around the economies of scale as the as it is the most important factor considered for trading. As, international trade theory explains the benefits of trading activities in any shape of resources (Robert, 2010). The basic benefit for internationally trading is to provide the nations a better living standard with lower price. Ohlin theory focused more on the economies of scale as trading, competitive edge depends on the cost of the product. Technology can be helpful in lowering the cost but economies of scale helps the firms not only expand their resources and capacity but also produce in large quantity which will lower the fixed cost of the production. In the nut shell economies of scale tends to increase the chance of the trading, as the purpose of trading is to provide better living standards to nations. Ohlin theory of trade focused on the 3 factors technology, competitive structure, and scale of production. Economies of scale are the most effective tool in term of lowering the cost of the product. Explain how intra- industry trade might be expanded via formation of regional trading agreements and custom unions. Are these international trading arrangements always trade creating? Trading is considered to be the most effective way to share the resources in term of commodities among countries. Economists have given a new concept to the world, as a global village. Economist believes that with this concept the world will utilize the resources in a standard way, and the living standard of the people will be same as there will be no hurdle for trading. The term intra-industry trade is used for international trading in which the countries import and export similar commodities with each other. This trading is done on the basis of cost efficiency, and the expertise of the resources. According to the new concept of trade, every country should focus on the resources it has and should get an edge over its competitors in the utilization of that resource. In intra- industry trade, regional trading agreements and custom unions are playing a vital role. There are two types of countries in the world, developed countries and under developed countries. In the new concept of the world trading, the developed countries will share the resources and their expertise with under develop countries to provide the same kind of living standards to the whole world. The trade agreements is been done in between different countries in order to expand the import and export. These agreements mainly focused on the conditions of trading between the countries. As, the trading should be balanced in between the countries, none of the country can only import goods or none of the country can only export goods. The trading should be in equilibrium. The trading agreements are reducing the national and political boundaries among countries. There are various types of regional agreements which have different kind of commitments from the participating countries. The Free Trade Areas (FTA) in which the members countries reduce the trade barriers among themselves in order to protect specific sector from the competition from the non members countries. In Custom Unions (CU) the participating countries agree on a common trade regime and also trading with non member countries on external tariff. European Union (EU) is the most committed trade agreement. These agreements have bigger advantages on the economies of the countries. In the nut shell these agreements and unions are helping the firms with the legal obligations and tax systems. While governments do these agreements, new policy of trade between the participants is been made to increase the trade and remove the barriers. With reference to the theory of optimum currency area, critically examine the  conditions for successful adaptation of a single currency by a custom union to enhance trade. Combine monitoring policy has become an important factor in the global economic era. Economists have made the world a global village and want to have single currency in the globe. In economics, optimum currency area theory focused on the sharing of currency among several countries in order to maximize the economic efficiency. It is also known as the optimal currency region without considering geographical boundaries. This theory explains the optimal features for combining several currencies or creating a new currency for performing economic activities. In optimum currency area theory the sovereign countries adopt a single currency for permanently combining their exchange rates. The single currency can fluctuate only in the union for performing economic activities and the trading with the participant countries can only be done with the merged currency. There are four main levels of the optimum currency area theory. In the first, Pioneering Phase the properties of OCA theory is been debated. The mainly discussions was on the exchange rates, financial markets, inflation and factors of production. The initial debate was to initiate the boarder of the currency and the resulting cost and benefits. In the second phase, reconciliation phase the properties of OCA is been analysed and it result in the drawbacks of some of the properties and new insight properties of OCA theory. These two phases result in analyzing the problem and inconsistency of exchange rates. However, theoretical and empirical evidences lead the concept from monitory union to cost and benefits which result in currency union. The new policies is been started to generate and many OCA properties were uniformed. These problems been coped up the in the third phase which is reassessment phase, which bought a new concept of one currency, one market. In the last phase empirical evidence in which the theoretical and empirical evidences is been examined. All OCA properties are re-evaluated to discover how their interpretation has transformed. European Union initiated Euro as one median of exchange in European countries. The trading with EU can only be done in Euro which has increased the usefulness of currency as one medium of exchange. The price discrimination, market segmentation will also decrease and it will increase the competition due to one currency and one market. OCA helps in the reduction of nominal exchange rate. EU depends on one currency which means if any of the country suffers a budget deficit it will impact the whole EU. This impact will not only strain on the interest rate but also the world confidence on one currency. In the nut shell, OCA theory applies on the world new concept of one global village. In which geographical boundaries have no importance. EU manages to trade through Euro as one currency and once market. Use recent EuroStat data to examine the extent and the pattern of intra-industry trade within the Eurozone trading area. What are the implications of your analysis for trade creation within this trading zone? Trade statistics helps both public and private users in shape of basic instrument for trade. The statistics helps the authorities to change their trade policy and improve competition as Eurostat data is the source of information about trade. After the new concept of world as a global village and sever as one market, Eurostat becomes the main source for data collection from the non EU member and EU members and a new system for data collection been introduced as INTRASTAT. Statistics on external trade and intra-EU trade are compiled on the basis of Community regulations. The tables used below are all taken from Eurostat. Trading has two ways, one is import and one is export. The definition of Import in terms of EU is the commodity or good which enters in to the statistical territory of EU from third world country. Export is defining as the good or commodity leave the statistical territory of EU. According to the Eurostat data the EU trading share to the world in term of exports is higher than any other union or country in 2010. The share of EU is 16 % in terms of export and 17.3% in shape of imports which means EU plays a vital role in the world inta-industry trade. The trade balance of Eurozone trading area is negative as the imports are higher than exports. The calculation of IIT indices can be done by several ways. It can be done by country to country and it can also be done by regions and unions. The formula is based facts and figure about the import and export of the country. The data is available on the official website of Eurostat. All the participant countries and non participant countries have to submit their trading data on Eurostat website on the basis of standard provided by UN. The data is available to the public for external trade and Intra-European Union trade statistics, as the private and public sectors analyse the opportunities thorough it. The information provided on EU on Eurostat in enough to calculate indices. The indices are determined as the price indicator. Indices can be calculated product wise, country wife and region wise. Here are some examples of Indices. import Export Y X Y X X-Y X+Y EU 1,509.10 1,349.20 0.173183 0.159873 -0.01331 0.333056 US 1456.5 944 0.167147 0.111859 -0.05529 0.279006 China 964.2 1168.3 0.110651 0.138437 0.027786 0.249088 Japan 506.1 541.1 0.05808 0.064117 0.006038 0.122197 South Korea 310.5 340.6 0.035633 0.040359 0.004727 0.075992 Canada 321.4 291.1 0.036884 0.034494 -0.00239 0.071377 Hong kong 305.2 287.8 0.035025 0.034103 -0.00092 0.069127 Singapore 220.5 256.1 0.025304 0.030346 0.005042 0.055651 Mexico 245.5 224.9 0.028173 0.026649 -0.00152 0.054823 Russia 162.8 280.5 0.018683 0.033238 0.014555 0.051921 India 245.4 166.6 0.028162 0.019741 -0.00842 0.047903 Australia 157.5 153.8 0.018075 0.018224 0.00015 0.036299 -0.02356 1.44644 world 8,713.90 8,439.20 World INDEX -0.01629 The table of indices shows that the above mentioned countries are importing more items than they are exporting. If the export and import are equal the index value is 1. If it`s less than zero it means that the imports of the country is exceeding over the exports. The trade balance is compulsory as it the country is focused on importing the commodities than the country is destroying its economy. And its the same as in case of exports. The table below shows the indices per month and year for EU countries. In the same way Indices can be calculated on the basis of product, consumption and even buying manners. 2011M11   2011M12   2012M01   2012M02   2012M03   2012M04   2012M05   2012M06   2012M07   2012M08   2012M09   2012M10   One year Euro area (17 countries) -0.00891 0.00118 -0.00569 -0.01575 -0.00609033 -0.00452 0.000926 0.009519 0.002299 0.006505 0.015043 0.005026 -0.00047 Euro area (16 countries) -0.05322 -0.04283 -0.04994 -0.06064 -0.04955932 -0.04896 -0.04316 -0.03445 -0.04153 -0.03844 -0.02882 #DIV/0! -0.49156 EU (27 countries) -0.05288 -0.03875 -0.05201 -0.06928 -0.05291319 -0.05992 -0.04488 -0.04039 -0.04436 -0.0481 -0.04665 -0.05649 -0.60664 The calculations show that the EU countries are importing more items and exporting less. In this analysis many internal factors involve like factors of production in EU countries are much higher than other countries of the world. However, if in the case that even all of the exports are increasing in different sectors than increase in imports, it is possible than IIT will increase. Is Eurozone an optimal currency area? Provide a critical assessment of this issue using   key theoretical and empirical indicators including your analysis of the extent and the pattern of intra-industry trade within the Eurozone trading area in part (b), and an analysis of the extent of labour mobility in the Euro-zone trading area. Eurozone is optimal currency area as EU has initiated Euro as one medium o exchange. The concept of OCA theory is to share the currency or create a new combine currency which will be used by the participant countries as medium of exchange. European Union initiated Euro as one median of exchange in European countries. The trading with EU can only be done in Euro which has increased the usefulness of currency as one medium of exchange. It will bring the equality in term of paper money and markets. Competition will be more intense as the firms are not only competing with local manufacturers but also with international players. EU is been made for the purpose of intra-industry trade, as to combine the benefits of several countries and drivers of the economies. Regional trading agreements and custom unions are playing a vital role in international trade. There are two types of countries in the world, developed countries and under developed countries. In the new concept of the world tradin g, the developed countries will share the resources and their expertise with under develop countries to provide the same kind of living standards to the whole world. The trade agreements is been done in between different countries in order to expand the import and export. These agreements mainly focused on the conditions of trading between the countries. The competitive advantage theory of trade suggests the countries that every single country should focused on the competitive edge they can get from other competitors. They should only focused on their resources and their expertise rather than working in several industries without expertise. EU agreements help the participants in term of resources as well. There are no restrictions for the labour of EU countries to limits their services to home country. As, the new concept one currency, one market means the sharing of resources as well. The nominal unit of labour cost is the ratio total reimbursement of workforce with the number of persons employed. When there is a decrease in the Nominal unit it means that the unemployed number of labour is increasing. To control on EU participant countries nominal unit labour cost, it was decided to share the labour skills with all participant countries in order to get an advantage over non participant countries. There will be exchange programs on the government levels and training programs for the labour to train them well. The NULC is calculated by the formula: (total D1 in national currency / total employees in persons) / (GDP in market prices in CLV05 in national currency / total employment in persons) The nominal Unit labour cost of EU countries is given below: 2009   2010   2011   2012   2013   Belgium 8.8   10.8   8.0   6.3   5.8f   7.3f   Bulgaria 26.7   38.5   33.9   20.3   9.6f   6.9f   Czech Republic 6.5   8.4   5.7   3.3   1.3f   2.8f   Denmark 13.6   17.7   11.0   4.7   0.2f   1.6f   Germany -0.6   7.2   6.8   5.9   3.3f   6.0f   Estonia 46.7   36.2   9.1   -6.2   -2.0f   6.6f   Ireland 14.8   6.7   -4.1   -12.8   -9.5f   -3.9f   Greece 6.6p   14.5p   11.5p   4.1p   -12.3f   -12.1f   Spain 13.4   11.4   4.9   -2.1   -6.1f   -4.7f   France 6.8   8.8   7.7   6.0   4.4f   4.9f   Italy 8.3   10.5   8.1   4.4   2.3f   3.7f   Cyprus 4.0   7.0   7.2   8.8   -0.8f   0.4f   Latvia 79.4b   42.0b   -0.3b   -15.0b   -7.7f   2.2f   Lithuania 29.6   15.9   1.2   -8.4   -7.2f   0.4f   Luxembourg 12.5   19.3   19.2   12.5   9.3f   10.1f   Hungary 13.1   14.0   6.4   3.7   5.5f   12.6f   Malta 8.3   11.0   9.4   7.8   1.5f   3.6f   Netherlands 5.4   10.2   7.6   5.8   2.7f   4.4f   Austria 6.1   10.2   8.9   5.9   4.1f   5.1f   Poland 9.2   12.8   11.3   4.3   5.3f   7.0f   Portugal 5.6   8.0   5.1p   1.3p   -5.3f   -4.4f   Romania 48.6   45.7   36.5   12.7   12.2f   6.5f   Slovenia 10.3   18.4   15.9   8.3   1.0f   0.0f   Slovakia 6.7   10.9   9.4   4.4   -0.9f   0.7f   Finland 7.7   16.9   14.4   9.1   2.5f   5.8f   Sweden 6.9   12.1   5.1   1.4   -0.1f   3.3f   United Kingdom 8.5   11.1   10.0   8.1   5.3f   5.5f